From Waste to Value

From Waste to Value investigates how streams of organic waste and residues can be transformed into valuable products, to foster a transition towards a sustainable and circular bioeconomy. The studies are carried out within a cross-disciplinary framework, drawing on a diverse set of theoretical approaches and defining different valorisation pathways. Organic waste streams from households and industry are becoming a valuable resource in today's economies. Substances that have long represented a cost to companies and a burden for society are now becoming an asset. Waste products, such as leftover food, forest residues and animal carcasses, can be turned into valuable products such as biomaterials, biochemicals and biopharmaceuticals. Exploiting these waste resources is challenging, however. It requires that companies develop new technologies and that public authorities introduce new regulation and governance models. This book helps policy-makers govern and regulate bio-based industries, and helps industry actors to identify and exploit new opportunities in the circular bioeconomy. Moreover, it provides important insights for all students and scholars concerned with renewable energy, sustainable development and climate change.

Antje Klitkou has a PhD from Humboldt University, Berlin (1993). She has worked at the Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU), Oslo, Norway, since 2002, as Senior Researcher until 2014 and as Research Professor since 2014. She has research interests in research and innovation policy and the transition to a sustainable bioeconomy, energy and transport. She has been Project Coordinator for several international research projects, such as "SusValueWaste: Sustainable path creation for innovative value chains for organic waste products" (2015-19) on the transition to the bioeconomy, funded by the Research Council of Norway; "Technology opportunities in Nordic energy system transitions - TOP-NEST" (2011-15), funded by Nordic Energy Research; and "InnoDemo: Role of demonstration projects in innovation: Transition to sustainable energy and transport" (2013-15), funded by the Research Council of Norway. She has published several journal articles on bioeconomy topics. Arne Martin Fevolden is a Senior Researcher at NIFU. He holds a Master's degree (cand. polit) in Economic Sociology and a PhD (Dr. polit.) in Innovation Studies from the University of Oslo. Much of his earlier research was concerned with the development of the ICT (information and communications industry) and defence industries. His more recent research has looked at the controversies surrounding biofuels and at potential valorisation pathways for urban waste streams. Marco Capasso is a Senior Researcher at NIFU. He has worked in the scientific fields of econometrics, economic geography and economics of innovation, and his research has been published in a wide variety of scientific journals, including Industrial and Corporate Change, International Statistical Review, Regional Studies and Small Business Economics. He is currently participating in the projects "Sustainable path creation for innovative value chains for organic waste products", funded by the Research Council of Norway, and "Where does the green economy grow? The geography of Nordic sustainability transitions", funded by the Nordic Green Growth Research and Innovation Programme.

List of Figures List of Tables Preface Chapter 1: Introduction Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin Fevolden and Marco Capasso Section I: Perspectives on the Bioeconomy Chapter 2: What is the Bioeconomy? Markus M. Bugge, Teis Hansen and Antje Klitkou Chapter 3: Theoretical perspectives on Innovation for Waste Valorisation in the Bioeconomy Markus M. Bugge, Simon Bolwig, Teis Hansen and Anne Nygaard Tanner Section II: Sector Studies Chapter 4: New path development for forest-based value creation in Norway Antje Klitkou, Marco Capasso, Teis Hansen and Julia Szulecka Chapter 5: Mission-oriented innovation in urban governance: Setting and solving problems in waste valorisation Markus M. Bugge and Arne Martin Fevolden Chapter 6: Beyond animal feed? The valorisation of brewers' spent grain Simon Bolwig, Michael Spjelkavik Mark, Maaike Karlijn Happel and Andreas Brekke Chapter 7: Meat processing and animal by-products: Industrial dynamics and institutional settings Anne Nygaard Tanner and Nhat Strøm-Andersen Chapter 8: New Pathways for Organic Waste in Land-based Farming of Salmon: The case of Norway and Denmark Hilde Ness Sandvold, Jay Sterling Gregg and Dorothy Sutherland Olsen Chapter 9: Valorisation of whey - A tale of two Nordic dairies Simon Bolwig, Andreas Brekke, Louise Strange and Nhat Strøm-Andersen Sector III: Cross-sectoral Perspectives Chapter 10: What knowledge does the bioeconomy build upon? Linn Meidell Dybdahl and Eric James Iversen Chapter 11: Actors and innovators in the circular bioeconomy: An integrated empirical approach to studying organic waste stream innovators Eric James Iversen, Marco Capasso and Kristoffer Rørstad Section IV: Policy Implications Chapter 12: Directionality and Diversity: Contending Policy Rationales in the Transition towards the Bioeconomy Lisa Scordato, Markus M. Bugge and Arne Martin Fevolden Chapter 13: Multi-Level Governance of Food Waste: Comparing Norway, Denmark and Sweden Julia Szulecka, Nhat Strøm-Andersen, Lisa Scordato and Eili Skrivervik Chapter 14: Life cycle assessment: A governance tool for transition towards a circular bioeconomy? Andreas Brekke, Kari-Anne Lyng, Johanna Olofsson and Julia Szulecka Chapter 15: Conclusions Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin Fevolden and Marco Capasso Notes on Contributors Index